Depending on how you use it, literally might mean one thing—or the complete opposite. Here's how to use the word without (literally?) losing your cool.
What Does “Literally” Mean, and How Do You Use It Correctly?
Updated on May 20, 2025
What does literally mean? A very long time ago, the word had a single official definition. “Truly” and “actually” come close to this meaning; the original Merriam-Webster definition was “in a literal sense or manner.” So if you were “literally dying” after an embarrassing encounter, well, you needed to see a doctor.
Somewhere along the way, things changed. People started to use it for emphasis or exaggeration to mean “in spirit, but not really.” Merriam-Webster describes it as a way to emphasize a statement or description. When you hear, “He was so mad, his head was literally exploding,” you understand that—thankfully for everyone—though he was angry, his head remained in one piece.
Has literally joined the list of words that don’t mean what you think they do? Or has the official definition bent to include the internet’s favorite intensifier? Read on for the answers in our easy-to-understand guide to the common term. We’ll help you figure out when and how to use it properly in various contexts so you can move ahead with confidence.
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What does literally mean, according to the original definition?
Literally comes from a similar-sounding Latin word: littera, which means “letter.” Considering that, what does the word literally mean? Well, the original meaning was “to the letter,” a phrase that means “precisely, with no variation.” This use was first recorded in 1429 in Mirour of Mans Saluacioune, according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
That makes sense if you consider that the definition of literally is “in a literal manner.” And what does literal mean? Why, “according to the letter” and “free from exaggeration,” of course.
What is an example of the word literally as it was first used?
Any situation where you are stating exactly what is happening or what is true can use literally with its original meaning. If walking from your home to your workplace takes you five minutes, allowing you a wonderfully short commute, you can say, “My office is literally a five-minute walk from where I live.” If you’ve discovered an ice cream that bests all others you’ve tried, you can say, “This is literally the best ice cream I’ve ever had.”
What’s another definition of literally?
Over time, literally has taken on a different meaning. We can now use it to exaggerate or emphasize a point. “It’s so hot—I’m literally melting,” someone might say when temperatures climb. Fortunately, though they are somewhat uncomfortable, they are not really melting at all.
In essence, literally may have started as a precise statement of fact, but nearly six centuries later, it’s more often used in a nonliteral way.
In fact, literally can actually have a meaning close to “figuratively.” Dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster, Cambridge and the Oxford English Dictionary include this definition, and the word is sometimes used this way in more informal speech and writing.
What is an example of the word literally used figuratively?
This meaning of literally could be described as “not really, but it feels that way.” Someone who’s exhausted but, for now, still awake might tell you, “I’m literally asleep in my chair.” A rock star’s No. 1 fan might proclaim a tune “literally the world’s best song,” knowing that others may prefer a different one. With this definition, literally joins the collection of words that mean their opposite.
What’s the history behind the nonliteral meaning of literally?
Despite what you may think, this isn’t an ultra-modern use of literally. The fact that literally is “often used hyperbolically” was first mentioned in Merriam-Webster’s entry of the word in its 1909 unabridged dictionary.
Dictionary definitions aside, even classic authors such as Mark Twain, Charlotte Brontë and James Joyce have used the term figuratively. And linguists trace this use back to the 18th century. Charles Dickens even used literally this way in Nicholas Nickleby: “‘Lift him out,’ said Squeers, after he had literally feasted his eyes, in silence, upon the culprit.”
But this use seems to have gained popularity in spoken English in the past few decades—and as it turns out, not everyone is happy about it. Read on to learn about this linguistic controversy and situations in which you may not want to use literally with this meaning.
How should you use literally?
Though dictionaries support the word’s expanded meaning and use, many simply don’t accept it, except in the most informal of situations. The objection? Using a word in a way that means its opposite makes no sense, so why should this use of literally find its way into anything like a news report, a piece of professional writing or a job interview?
Think the naysayers are just nitpicking? There was actually a real-world scenario with utter confusion around the varying uses of literally: the Herring Networks v. Rachel Maddow defamation case. During the May 2020 trial, the district court addressed the possibility of Maddow having used literally hyperbolically when she discussed Herring Networks’ One America News Network (OANN) in a news item on her show. The judge went on to cite the Merriam-Webster definition of the word: “in effect: Virtually—used in an exaggerated way to emphasize a statement or description that is not literally true or possible.” The court concluded that Maddow’s use of literally in context was not to be taken at face value, indicating the word’s accepted figurative use in present-day English.
The expanded meaning of literally is also often used for humor—and indeed, it can be funny. “So there I was,” you tell some buddies over an after-work cocktail, “holding up a fly-swatter to defend myself against an insect literally the size of my cat.” The exaggeration adds levity, and the group knows the insect didn’t truly rival your four-legged friend for size.
This use of literally is frequently (though not only) heard from younger people and could be considered part of Gen Z slang. But in serious or professional contexts—and this goes for both spoken and written language—literally should be used with its original “to the letter” meaning.
It can be tricky, we know. But if you keep in mind that the word should be used with its original meaning in contexts that are not casual or humorous, you’ll be fine. And we mean that literally.
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Sources:
- Merriam-Webster: “Did We Change the Definition of ‘Literally’?”
- Cambridge Dictionary: “Literally”
- Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal: “When ‘Literally’ Literally Means ‘Figuratively’: One America News Network v. Rachel Maddow”
